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PaperHigh credibilityUSENIX Security 2016 · Florian Tramèr, Fan Zhang, Ari Juels, Michael K. Reiter, Thomas Ristenpart · August 10, 2016

Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIs

Our summary

Demonstrates that black-box query access to a prediction API is enough to reconstruct a model's functionality with near-perfect fidelity across several model classes — model theft without the weights.

Why it matters

The foundational threat model behind distillation and model-extraction probing — the confidentiality and IP surface functional testing never touches.

Cited by these methods

Published June 26, 2026

Cite this

Qlarify Labs. (2026). Stealing Machine Learning Models via Prediction APIs. Retrieved from https://labs.qlarify.fi/references/stealing-ml-models-prediction-apis-2016